ITEMS NEEDED FOR SOAP PRODUCTION (BUSINESS PLAN ON ANY BUSINESS)

   ITEMS TO BUY FOR 1KG

I.                   P.K.Oil one gallon (6 bottles)

II.                Caustic 1kg

III.             Ash 4kg

IV.            Hydrogen 1 bottle

V.               Forming agents ½ bottle or to taste.

VI.            Ammonia 1 rub

VII.         Perfume 2 rub or to taste

VIII.      Ammonia 1 rub.

IX.            Water 3 bottles.

PROCEDURES

i.                   Bring a big bowel.

ii.                 Add the 3 bottles of water

iii.              Put the caustic carefully and stir to dissolve.

iv.              Add the Ash little by little and stir very well.

v.                 Put the oil (pk) and turn very well.

vi.              Add the ammonia and turn very well.

vii.            Add the foaming agents and turn.

viii.         Ad perfume.

ix.              Pour the hydrogen little by little you will observe the mixture rising up continue turning and keep on pouring the hydrogen until it finished.

x.                 There turn it very well and allow it for some minutes.

xi.              Pour it on water proof to dry.

xii.            Sieve and package for use or sell.

NOTE: You can soak your caustic soda over night.

CAUTION:

1.     Caustic soda and soda Ash are EXTREMELY caustic and can cause burns if splashed on the skin. It could cause blindness if spattered in the eyes.

2.     Use caution when adding Iye (caustic soda and potash) to cold water, when stirring caustic (Iye) and when pouring the liquid soap into moles. If it is spilled on skin, wash immediately with cold water.  

3.     Wash off any caustic or green (uncured) soap spilled on furniture or counter tops.

4.     Always add caustic soda to cold water, never to hot water because the chemical action heats the cold water to the boiling point. It also produces harsh fumes which are harmful if breathed deeply. Stand back and avert the head while the caustic soda is dissolving. The use of gloves, glasses and draft vents is recommended. Because of these dangers, it is best to keep small children far from the place while soap is being produced. Avoid using aluminum containers to dissolve caustic soda. Always use rubber and plastic containers.

LIST OF CHEMICALS, NAMES, COMPOUND FORMULA, FUNCTIONS AND USES.

1.     PALM-KERNEL OIL (P.K.O)

(Elaeis guineensis) is an edible oil derives from the kernel of the oil palm.

USES:

          An ingredient in detergent production.

2.     CAUSTIC Other names: Iye, sodium hydroxide.

Molecular formula NAOH

          Caustic is white granules.

          Caustic is soluble in water, ethanol and methanol.

Uses of caustic: In used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner.

FUNCTIONS

Caustic soda neutralizes or adjusts the acidity of the other ingredients in soap and detergents production.

3.     POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE: Other names caustic potash, Ash and Iye.

Formula KOH

          Potassium Hydroxide forms white deliquescent crystals is usually white pellets. It dissolves readily in water, giving of much heat and forming a strong alkaline caustic solution.

Types: Light ash and hard ash.

Uses: Include pepper products, soap and detergents, etc. it allow bar soaps to harden.

4.     SODIUM SULPHATE: Is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid. It is a white crystalline solid.

FORMULA: Na₂SO₄

USES

          Sodium sulphate is mainly used for the manufacturing of the detergents and in the kraft process of pepper pulping. 

FUNCTIONS IN SOAP:

Sodium sulphate provides proper flow or solubility to soap. Cleans without leaving residue.

5.     HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: Is a clear liquid slightly more viscous than water.

USES: It has many function but it is mainly used in powered detergent production.

FUNCTIONS: It breakdown soaps particles  

6.      CALCIUM HYPOCHLORIDE: Other names Aqua chloro, (HTH) and chlorine used in bleach production, treating of drinking water also for cleansing.

NATURE: Solid and granules form.

7.     ANTISOL: Is a translucent, colourless brittle (when dry), flavorless solid substance.

          It is commonly used as a gelling agent.

Other names gelatin, part R. 

8.     GLYCERINE: A thick liquid substance. It serves as moisturize in facial cleaner.

9.     SODIUM LAURYL ETHER SULPHATE (SLES)

(S.L.S.) A cleansing agent and effective foamer.  

10.                        SULPHONIC ACID: A brownish or blackish thinkly liquid. It serves as foaming agent.

11.                        MENTHOL: Is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. It is a waxy, crystalline substance, clear or white in colour. Solid at room temperature and melts slightly above.

12.                        INDUSTRIAL CONPHOR: A similar substance to menthol.

13.                        P.V.A. EMOTION:- It is used for production of bonds. (Gum or glue)

14.                        PHENOL: Other names, carbolic acid and phenic acid.

FORMULA: C6_H50_H

          It is serves as an antiseptic (germ-free) substance.

15.                        PERFUME: Other name fragrance it gives nice smell to the product.

16.                        Colours: gives colour to the products. Kinds of colours

i.                   Water colours and

ii.                 Oil colours.

17.                         FORMULINE: A colourless liquid substance. It look like water. It is commonly used as preservative.

18.                        Titan (white colour) 

19.                        CARBON COMPLEX are additives component.

It used in production of soap, paint chalk board e.t.c.

20.                        COCO DIETHANOL AMIDE (CDEA)

Foam or sud booster.

21.                        SODIUM SILICATE- A liquid substance That serve as hardening and leavening agent, prevent separation or deterioration of ingredients in liquid product.

22.                        SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE (STPP). A chemical that gives cleansing power

23.                        ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC

ACID (EDTA) Sequestering agents that makes the ingredients floats, used as forming stabilizer; also to reduce hardness in water.

24.                        TERGITOL:  Binder used for powered detergent.

25.                        SODIUM PHOSPHATE: Provides the abrasive strength; remove hard water minerals and this increase the effectiveness of detergents; prevents dirty from setting back in clothes during washing

26.                        Sodium chloride or table salt: Thickening agent; provides viscosity to the soap.

27.                        Methyl and propyl pareben:  Anti-microbial preservatives.

28.                        Triethanol amine (TEA) Emulsifier used in facial cleaner.

29.                        Benzalkonium chloride: disinfectant against bacteria, fungi and yeast.

30.                        Carboxyl methy cellulose (CMC) An anti-redeposition agents that prevent dirt from setting back in clothes during washing.

31.                        Lysor

32.                        Chlorozinol

33.                        Ethanol is an alcohol.

34.                        ethanol use in production of body perfume.

35.                        Juniper                          

36.                        Pine oil   

37.                        Petroleum jelly

38.                        Perofine oil

39.                        Parafine wax

40.                        Lanoline

NOTE; JUNIPER, PINE OIL, PETROLEUM JERRY, are commonly used for the production of hair cream, Vaseline pomades balm etc.      

Chris Farm Nigeria develops well self-explanatory, irresistible feasibility studies or business plan for your Business start ups, Business Growth or Expansions through either personal funds, Grants, or loans, which could be new or existing ones. We delight in writing for people under Academic sectors, production sectors, manufacturing sectors, processing or packing sectors, advertising sectors, marketing sectors and other related sectors on mini, middle and large scale businesses.

Your Success, Is Our Optimum Desire, AT Chris farm Nigeria

What easy do you want?  

Are you interested in fish management?

Are you interested in spawning (fish hatching)?

Do you want to handle your fish farm business yourself?

Do you want to run a fish farm business?

Are you having issues with your fish farm?

Do you want to make millions from your fish farm business?

Then, you need this book;

“How to own, manage, and make millions from catfish farming business”  

  

 CONTENT                                                              

·                       Title Page

·                       Table of Content

·                       Dedication

·                       Acknowledgement

·                       Preface

Chapter One: Introduction

    Catfish

   1.2       Why is catfish different from other fishes?

  1.3       Fish classification

  1.4       Habitat

  1.5       Morphology

Chapter Two:

2.0      Giant Catfish of the World 

2.1       Scientific classification

2.2       SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS

Chapter Three:

3.0       Catfish Family

3.1       Larval production

3.2       The culture system  

3.3       Feed and Feeding

3.4       Hybridization of catfish

3.5       Culture system modification

3.6       Prospect and problems of cultured fish  

Chapter Four:

4.0       How to own a Mega fish farm Business

Chapter Five:

5.0       Pond

5.1       standard features of a fish pond

5.2       Types of pond

5.3       Earthen (Natural) Pond

5.4       Concrete Pond

5.5       Tarpaulin/Plastic/ Mobile Pond

5.6       Step in fish Pond establishment

5.7       Important of liming

5.8       Fertilizing a pond

5.9       Fish Pond management

Chapter Six:

6.0         Fish Stocking

6.1 Stocking of fish can take the form of mono/poly-culture

Chapter Seven:

7.0       channel catfish

7.1       Species of channel catfish

6.2       Life cycle of channel catfish

Chapter Eight:

8.0       The Electric Catfish

8.1       Feeding in electric catfish

8.2       Firing in electric fish

8.3       Importance tips in managing electric catfish

Chapter Nine:

9.0       African Giant catfish

9.1       Habits of African catfish in the wide

9.2       Natural spawning in the wide

9.3       Rearing of African giant catfish

Chapter Ten:

10.0     Spawning

10.1     Hatching techniques in catfish

10.2     materials needed for (hatching) spawning

10.3     Prerequisite for (Hatching) spawning in catfish

10.4     Steps in (hatching) spawning

10.5     Some reasons why spawning (Hatching) falls

10.6     Characteristics of catfish stages

10.7     Transportation of catfish

Chapter Eleven:

11.0     Fish Management

11.1     How to identify oxygen Depletion in ponds

11.2     Questions most people ask about catfish management           

Chapter Twelve:

12.0     Fish parasite and Diseases 

12.1     Fish Disease

12.2     Causes of Diseases

12.3     Types of Disease

Chapter Three:

13.0     Fish preservation

13.1     Method of fish preservation

13.2     Fish salting

13.3     Drying and Dehydration

13.4     Fish smoking

13.5     How to smoke fish

Chapter Fourteen:

14.0     How to make millions from catfish production

14.1     Advertising

14.2     Marketing

14.3     Marketing strategy

14.4     How to sustain millions in catfish business

List of figures

Fig.1.1 Labeled diagram of a typical tilapia fish

Fig 1.2 labeled diagram of a typical catfish

Fig 1.3 Labeled diagram of a typical external anatomy of a tilapia fish

Fig 1.4 Labeled diagram of a typical external anatomy of a carpio cyprisnus

Fig 1.5 Labeled diagram of a typical internal anatomy of a tilapia fish

Fig 1.6 Typical example of catfish

Fig 8.1 Diagram of electric catfish organs

Fig 9.1 claries gariepinus sample

Fig 9.2 Heterobranchus Bidorsal Sample

Fig 10.1 Diagram on how to inject the catfish

Fig 10.2 Diagram on how to extract the milt (sperm) from catfish

Fig 10/3 Diagram on how to strip off eggs from catfish and to fertilize them

List of tables

Table 2.1 scientific classification of catfish

Table 3.1 catfish families

Table 5.1 table showing water retention in soil

Table 8.1 scientific classification of electric catfish

Table 9.1 African Giant catfish

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