FISHERY

Construction of a Fish Pond

Introduction

Before construction begins several factors must be considered when creating an aquatic habitat for ecological studies. Please Check with your Local Authority before beginning any construction.

Who is the pond for?

This is your main decision to begin with. If the pond is for a primary school then it need only be large enough to yield fauna for limited taxonomic identification. A secondary school on the other hand would require far greater use from a pond. To be able to explore micro-habitats, food webs and other abiotic factors a substantially larger pond is required.

What is the pond for?

An important factor to take into account when planning the pond. You must decide what kind of studies are to be conducted within the habitat. Is it for netting macro invertebrates, amphibian surveys or vegetation surveys as well? These choices will affect the size, shape and planting of the pond.

What size of pond?

This is very much dictated by the number of students that will use it. The larger the number of students expected to use the pond then the larger the pond must be. It must be large enough to provide alternative areas for survey whilst used ones regenerate. The locations available to site the pond may limit the size; this may be overcome by creating a secure gated pond area.

Water supply

This is another important choice when considering the location of a potential pond, where will the water come from? The best wildlife ponds are unpolluted so finding a clean source of water is a good start. Several questions need to be asked before using a water supply such as where is its source? Could it be next to a possible pollution source?
The most important decision is going to be where the pond is sited. If sited poorly then the pond may not attract the wildlife needed for studies or worse yet fail to become established.
Below are several suggestions to consider when choosing the location and design of the pond.

Procedure to Site the pond

Safety

The pond should be visible from school buildings, classrooms etc. There must be a clear line of site from all angles. If the pond cannot be sited near any school building then it may be possible to construct a fenced or gated area containing the pond. This would provide security against children gaining access to the pond when not in use or unsupervised.

Location in school grounds

The pond must not be in an isolated position, unless it is secured when not supervised. It should be far enough off the "beaten track" to reduce noise pollution, litter and disturbance. It still has to be close enough to hold lessons there without using too much time for travel. Do not place the pond under a bush or tree as when autumn comes leaves will fall and need to be removed.
Only use/choose a site where you know the pond will provide a richer habitat than the one it is replacing. Never replace a more valuable habitat such as marsh land or temporary ponds. Depending on the size and location of your new pond, you may have to get consent from various public bodies before you start work.  Small garden ponds normally don’t require permission.  For other projects, you may need to talk to the local planning authority, the Environment Agency, the County Archaeologist, the Highways Agency, the local authority Rights of Way Officer or Natural England.

Utilities

The location of gas, electricity, telecommunications, and water supplies should be checked for any site a pond is planned. If plans prove to be unreliable then consultation with utilities companies may be required to trace underground services.

Water Supply

Rainwater- This is the best source of water for ponds. Rainwater can be collected off roofs and stored in tanks or water butts. This can then be used to top up the pond during the summer months, using hoses or buckets. Water collection systems may be utilized to channel the water from the roof straight into the pond. This offers a chance to demonstrate an ecologically sustainable water source.
Surface run-off- This is water that runs into the pond from higher ground. Usually through vegetation, soil, sub-surface or off tarmac, concrete etc. The cleanest water will come from unfertilized areas such as woodland or grassland. The most polluted will come from terraced area run off.
Groundwater- This is the naturally occurring water in the ground or water table in the catchments area which is usually occurring in sandy or gravel areas. In intensively urban areas this is the cleanest source of water as it has been pre-filtered through the sub-surface. A test pit can be dug however unless the substrate is very dense clay the water will not be retained. A lined pond cannot be easily fed this way.
Streams and ditches- These may seem the most attractive source of water for ponds; however these can be problematic for several reasons. The first is seasonal fluctuations in water levels, during the summer most streams and ditches dry up. The second reason is that many streams run off arable farms and can be heavily polluted by fertilizers and polluted sediments.

Orientation

Ideally the pond should be facing south or west with half the pond in sun and half in shade. The pond needs 5 or more hours of sun light per day to stay healthy. This allows the pond to warm quickly in spring, encouraging good tadpole and plant development. Do not place the whole pond in shadow such as under a tree or bush. The pond should not be placed in direct sun light, as it will warm too much and become anoxic killing the wildlife.

Habitats

This is less important however if there are other ponds situated somewhere in the area or if there are established habitats such as log piles, hedgerows and meadow these could become "wildlife corridors". This would encourage a quicker colonization of the pond and provide a safe migration route to amphibians.

Pond Design

There are several different designs that you can use each with its own benefits.

Size

Obviously the ponds constraints are mainly budget and available land. Ponds between 20 sq m and 60 sq m have been suggested to be the optimal size. However smaller ponds have proved equally successful attracting newts and invertebrates. If large school groups or intensive use of the pond is planned then the largest size possible should be built.

The Rectangle

A rectangular pond is the easiest to dig and provides nice neat sides that are easily paved. This option also allows for a raised pond to be constructed, if a raised pond is to be used then the liner should be of a light color to minimize heat absorption.

The Plate Design

The pond should be more plate like than bowl, allowing for the shallow edges to be formed with a gentle gradient with no sudden drop off. It is more aesthetically pleasing and bears the appearance to be more of a wildlife pond if it is constructed in an irregular shape. This is the recommended profile for wildlife ponds as it allows easy access to the water for amphibians and mammals.

Shallow Zones

The vast majority of pond life resides in the shallow shelves or parts of the pond. The pond should have maximized area available to shallow areas (less than 10cm deep). These should be 1 in 3 or 1 in 5 gradients to ensure animals can easily leave the pond but more importantly anyone that falls in is able to be rescued quickly and exit the water easily.

Drawdown Zones

Seasonal drawdown zones allow for a richer biodiversity of plants and invertebrates. They are similar to the shallow areas except they consist of hollows and hummocks with a depth of 5cm or less. This means during the summer the liner will be exposed and must be protected with stones or gravel. These areas will be submerged again during the winter months.

Vegetation Zones

It is a good idea to close off one side of the pond to students to ensure vegetation growth. This will not only increase biodiversity by adding extra habitat space but also offers a refuge to migratory amphibians and other pond life. Planting shelves may be incorporated to house submerged macrophytes such as oxygenators.

Depth

The pond depth should be between 0.75m and 1m. To ensure the pond does not dry out in the summer and that it is deep enough to not freeze in the winter. Check your Local Education Authority for health and safety regulations as to maximum depth allowed.

Waste

The spoil from digging the pond should not be cast over or piled on other useful habitats. If building a wildlife pond sieved substrate can be used for bedding plants and the top soil and turf may be reused as edging.

Lining Material - There a several options available for lining materials

Flexible pond liners- These types of liners are usually the best option if the pond is of a smaller size. Butyl, a rubber based liner is the strongest and most economical option. All liners though must be used in conjunction with some form of matting underneath to protect it from tree roots and sharp objects. You can also use 2.5cm to 7cm thick layer of damp sand as a protective layer. Alternatively a pile of old carpet, newspapers and magazines could be used, but last no way near as long as sand or matting. If the pond is going to be used for netting regularly then it is wise to have an extra layer of matting on top of the liner. This is the most likely candidate to fall into a reasonable budget and is the recommended option.

Puddled Clay- This is the traditional way of creating ponds. If the area is of particular dense clay you may simply be able to dig down to the water table to fill it that way. Otherwise the traditional way is to dig your pond, allowing for the thickness of 30cm of the clay on the soil, layer it with clay and puddle it. When laying the clay 1m³ equals 2 tonnes. It is essential to calculate the amount of clay needed to finish the pond within the day ensuring that there is surplus should a problem arise or after completion before filling. The most important thing is to stop the clay drying out during the puddling process. This can be achieved by using plastic sheets over the areas of clay already laid. The puddling process itself is a form of compaction where the structure of the clay is broken down and the air pressed out of the material. Traditionally this was done by corralling a herd of livestock or methodical marching by men. Nowadays it is done by a "whacker" plate. The clay is best laid in tiny sections like concrete slabs to ensure smooth joints and a perfect fit. This way it also stops slipping and allows the pond to be laid in sections so it can be puddled. The puddling forms a continuous layer of clay that is water tight. This requires specialists to be contact for advice, and most likely the design and construction.

Concrete - Concrete linings are used for all sizes and shapes of ponds. They have many advantages when employed in a school or urban environment. They can be used without fear of damaging the lining through netting or other survey techniques, including wading or use of tools such as spades etc. Because of the lack of a liner they are for all intense and purposes vandal proof. They are durable if constructed properly able to withstand erosion and can go for long periods of time with drops in water level.
However there are drawbacks to such a design. Specialists are needed to design and construct the pond. If a pond is larger than 8m x 5m then it will need to be reinforced. The cement used is harmful to aquatic life so requires a seasoning period. Where the pond must be emptied and refilled several times. If the concrete is improperly laid or damaged it can be costly or difficult to repair. This would require the water level to be dropped below that of the damage for a prolonged period of time.

If a concrete pond is to be used then specialized advise must be sought for the design and construction of it.

Preformed and Fiberglass ponds - These are not recommended as they require a specific shape to be excavated and are usually not wildlife friendly. They do not make an effective large pond as they are prone to becoming brittle and therefore are not long lasting.

Construction Process

This is best attempted during a dry calm day. The liner should not be laid or left exposed to frost or sun light as damage could occur. After choosing the location of the pond mark out the shape using string tied to posts, sand or spray paint. The best place to start digging the pond is from the centre out. This will ensure that you are able dig the deepest part first then construct the profile as you radiate out. Remember you need to dig deeper than the actual depth you want as you must allow for the thickness of lining and matting material.
Any turf that is removed could be used in other areas or replaced around the pond. Depending on the size of the pond it may be easier to hire a mechanical digger to speed the process up. If one is hired be sure there is access to the site and that the operator is well briefed as to the depth, size and profile of the pond. A supervisor should be on site during the excavation process. Final details such as shelves and draw-down areas should be completed by rake or spade. If it is a small pond then it could be done by hand, a small group of volunteers with spades could be persuaded if a day was made of it with a BBQ etc. Draw-down areas should be less than 5cm deep and contain hummocks and hollows.

As the pond is dug any sharp stones or tree roots should be removed, otherwise they could pierce the liner and the pond will leak. If large rocks are found they could be used around or in the pond to create new habitats. Shallow or draw-down zones, shelves or shallow areas should only contain pebbles or gravel.
The sides of the pond must be checked to ensure they are flat and even. The pond must be level otherwise the water will not collect evenly at either ends, exposing sides to harmful UV light which will damage the liner. To hide the liner dig a trench, 30mm deep and one spades width wide. After filling the excess liner is placed in the trench and then soil or turf is placed over it to anchor it in.

Once you are happy with the depth and profile of the pond the matting is laid down. This protects the liner, it can be 2.5cm to 7cm cm of builders sand, old carpet or layers of old newspapers (though these rot away quickly). There are commercial matting materials available such as geotextile matting; custom made materials which would protect the pond better however are considerably more expensive. It has been known for some ponds to have another layer of geotextile matting on top and below the liner. This offers some protection from nets.

The pond liner once laid should have a 300mm overlap around the edge. To work out how much pond liner you will need to use this equation
Length of Pond= A
Width of Pond = B
Depth of Pond = C
Size of Liner (Square Metres) = (A 2C 0.6) x (B 2C 0.6)

With the desired amount of liner bought it should be unfolded away from the newly dug pond, checking for damage. Once unfolded it should be scrunched back up to discharge any static electricity and lowered over the layers of without standing on or disturbing the matting/sand. Once placed over the matting temporary weights should be placed on the liners edges to stop it slipping in once water is put in. (If a second layer of matting is to be used to protect the liner it is to be placed at this stage, that way it can mould to the shape along with the liner.)

The pond is now ready to have water added. The best water to add to the pond is rain water. Slowly add the water ensuring that the liner is slowly molding to the profile shape intended. If adding soil to provide a substrate for planting the substrate must not be top soil, sieve the soil to remove all sharp objects and stones. Once in the pond and before filling with water, place a piece of polythene sheeting over the soil, this will help stop the scouring of the soil and can be removed later. Another option is to run the water over a pebble beach or stony structure. Once the pond is full you are able to hide the edges of the pond liner. The extra pond liner is then covered by turf or soil removed earlier or under paving.

Do you need a business plan to raise fund for your business?

We can carry out research and develop MBA grade business plan that you can present to a bank or any investor

Chris Farm Nigeria develops well self-explanatory, irresistible feasibility studies or business plan for your Business start ups, Business Growth or Expansions through either personal funds, Grants, or loans, which could be new or existing ones. We delight in writing for people under Academic sectors, production sectors, manufacturing sectors, processing or packing sectors, advertising sectors, marketing sectors and other related sectors on mini, middle and large scale businesses.

For your Agribusiness, either production, processing, marketing of any Agro-industry, our feasibility studies or business plan are explicit.

Generally, our feasibility study and business plans are developed so well that it becomes irresistible when you show them to your investors or sponsors. It gives you a clear picture of what you are expected to see when you put the feasibility study or business plans into use. It also shows how much it will cost you to own your desired business, what your money can afford. The kinds of product you will need to minimize input in other to maximize output, and how much returns you will get at the end of each accounting year until your business break-even on its initial investment capital. This will give the intending business person or investor or farmer, a vivid idea on the possible benefit he or she stands to gain, when he or she starts doing the business. With that, the intending business person or investor or farmer will not need a soothsayer to make decision for him or her.

OUR TABLE OF CONTENT INCLUDE;

SECTION 1(Business plan section)

• SECTION I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• NAME OF BUSINESS / COMPANY
• OFFICE & SITE LOCATION
• MOTIVATION
• MISSION STATEMENT
• SOCIAL/ECONOMIC VALUE
• PROJECT STATUS & START UP
• WHY PREPARE THIS BUSINESS PLAN?
• SECURITIES FOR THE PROPOSED LOAN
• REPAYMENT
• SECTION II – STUDY AREA
• STUDY AREA
• COMPANY OVERVIEW
• MANAGEMENT TEAM
• DEPARTMENTS IN THE COMPANY
• EXPERIENCE
• MANAGEMENT TEAM GAPS
• SECTION III – INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
• DEFINING YOUR INDUSTRY
• YOUR INDUSTRY SIZE GROWTH RATE AND SALES PROJECTIONS
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
• MARKET OVERVIEW
• MARKET SEGMENTATION
• RELEVANT MARKET SIZE
• KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
• LONG TERM PROSPECTIVE
• MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
• SECTION IV – CUSTOMER ANALYSIS
• TARGET CUSTOMERS
• CUSTOMER NEEDS
• MARKET NEEDS / SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
• BUYERS BEHAVIOUR
• MARKET SHARE
• SALES FORECASTING
• SECTION V – COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
• DIRECT COMPETITORS
• COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
• SECTION VI – MARKETING PLAN
• PRODUCTS & SERVICES
• FINISHED PRODUCTS
• PRODUCT QUALITY AND PRODUCTION QUANTITY
• PRODUCTION CAPACITY
• PRICING
• PROMOTIONS PLAN
• DISTRIBUTION PLAN
• SECTION VII – OPERATIONS PLAN
• GENERAL APPROACH TO PRODUCTION
• TECHNICAL ANALYSIS / PRODUCTION PROCESS
• EQUIPMENT
• PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
• SECTION VIII – FINANCIAL PLAN
• REVENUE MODEL
• FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
• FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS
• FINANCE CHARGES
• FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
• FUNDING REQUIREMENTS/USE OF FUNDS
• CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS

SECTION 2(Feasibility study section)

• FINANCIAL MODELS
• SUMMARY OF PROJECT COST
• BUDGET OF FIXED ASSETS / CAPITAL EXPENSES / INVESTMENTS
• DEPRECIATION
• UTILITIES
• OPERATING EXPENSES (OPEX)
• TOTAL REQUIRED INVESTMENT OUTLAY (REQUIRED START-UP CAPITAL)
• FINANCING PLAN
• INSTALLED / AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
• BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
• LOAN REPAYMENT SCHEDULE AND INTEREST PAID
• FORECAST OF PROFIT AND LOSS
• CASH FLOW
• BALANCE SHEET
• GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS (BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS)
• BUSINESS RATIOS - PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION
• SECTION 3 – APPENDIX

NOTE; According to our policy, we are not “allowed / permitted” to disclose peoples business or written feasibility study, “to anyone”, irrespective of their personality.

BUT, WE are permitted to display executive summary,

And these are some executive summary of some feasibility study carried out. 

1^st sample;

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

•Feasibility study on catfish farming business, using two plot of land of 100ft by 100ft, in Agbarho, Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, as a case study.

•                Agbarho traditional rulership has been by the 'Osuivie' who rules with an advisory body comprising traditional chiefs from whom the chronologically foremost in the chieftaincy institution succeeds the Osuivie. There is also an administrative body known as Agbarho Urhobo Improvement Union (AUIU) which has the responsibility of development and policy making.

•Farming business is a lucrative business and also an important sector of the economy that can provide significant, economic, and social impact which will affect the general public positively, both in food provision, skill acquisition, employment opportunities and many more…..

•After carrying out the feasibility study on Agbarho community, it was discovered that farming generally will do well both on crop and animal production.

•For catfish farming business, there is good market for them since there are big markets in Ughelli sourth ,agbarho, effurun, warri areas, nearby towns with many dispatch outlets like; hotels, spotlights, bars, bakeries, event planners, families all around.

Investing twenty one million, forty two thousand, one hundred and thirty five naira (N21, 042,135(÷ 160) →$132,000) on catfish farming business on 2plots of land is a very lucrative one. Using profitability index to determine how lucrative the business is, we got a viable result of 1.21% returns on business in the fifth year. That tells us that, after the fifth year, the business will break-even and your profit projection will emerge. (That means; the business as been able to pay back its initial investment and still have enough money to run its affairs successfully without any help from any source).

•                2^nd sample;

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

•                Feasibility study on poultry farming business (specializing on layer production), using one plot of land of 100ft by 50ft, in ubgawka community, Enugu State as a case study.

•                 Ugbawka is among the towns that nature has caused to be located in the central southern part of Nkanuland of Enugu State, Nigeria. It is bordered on the north by Agbani and Akpugo, and on the south by Nomeh, Nara and Mburubu. It is also bordered on the east by Ihuokpara, and on the west by Amurri, Ogbaku and Nenwe (the last two towns are in Awgu and Aninri Local Government Areas of Enugu State, respectively).

•Farming business is a lucrative business and also an important sector of the economy that can provide significant, economic, and social impact which will affect the general public positively, both in food provision, skill acquisition, employment opportunities and many more…..

•After carrying out the feasibility study on Ugbwaka community, it was discovered that farming generally will do well both on crop and animal production.

•                For poultry farming business (layer production), there are large market network in Ugbwaka areas, Agbani, Enugu town and nearby towns with many dispatch outlets like; hotels, spotlights, bars, bakeries, event planners, families all around.  

•                Investing two million, four hundred and one thousand, eight hundred and forty Naira only {N2, 401,840} on poultry business on one plot of land is a very lucrative one. Using profitability index to determine how lucrative the business is, we got a viable result of 1.48% returns on business in the two year. That tells us that, after two years’ time, the businesses will break-even and your profit projection will emerge. (That means; the business has been able to pay back its initial investment and still have enough money to run its affairs successfully without any help from any source).

                                                                                                                  

  Please Note; Each specification is design according to what our client desires or wants at a time and it varies according to locations, designs and share capital.

Are you interested in fish management?

Are you interested in spawning (fish hatching)?

Do you want to handle your fish farm business yourself?

Do you want to run a fish farm business?

Are you having issues with your fish farm?

Do you want to make millions from your fish farm business?

Then, you need this book;

“How to own, manage, and make millions from catfish farming business”  

  

 CONTENT                                                              

·                       Title Page

·                       Table of Content

·                       Dedication

·                       Acknowledgement

·                       Preface

Chapter One: Introduction

    Catfish

   1.2       Why is catfish different from other fishes?

  1.3       Fish classification

  1.4       Habitat

  1.5       Morphology

Chapter Two:

2.0      Giant Catfish of the World 

2.1       Scientific classification

2.2       SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS

Chapter Three:

3.0       Catfish Family

3.1       Larval production

3.2       The culture system  

3.3       Feed and Feeding

3.4       Hybridization of catfish

3.5       Culture system modification

3.6       Prospect and problems of cultured fish  

Chapter Four:

4.0       How to own a Mega fish farm Business

Chapter Five:

5.0       Pond

5.1       standard features of a fish pond

5.2       Types of pond

5.3       Earthen (Natural) Pond

5.4       Concrete Pond

5.5       Tarpaulin/Plastic/ Mobile Pond

5.6       Step in fish Pond establishment

5.7       Important of liming

5.8       Fertilizing a pond

5.9       Fish Pond management

Chapter Six:

6.0         Fish Stocking

6.1 Stocking of fish can take the form of mono/poly-culture

Chapter Seven:

7.0       channel catfish

7.1       Species of channel catfish

6.2       Life cycle of channel catfish

Chapter Eight:

8.0       The Electric Catfish

8.1       Feeding in electric catfish

8.2       Firing in electric fish

8.3       Importance tips in managing electric catfish

Chapter Nine:

9.0       African Giant catfish

9.1       Habits of African catfish in the wide

9.2       Natural spawning in the wide

9.3       Rearing of African giant catfish

Chapter Ten:

10.0     Spawning

10.1     Hatching techniques in catfish

10.2     materials needed for (hatching) spawning

10.3     Prerequisite for (Hatching) spawning in catfish

10.4     Steps in (hatching) spawning

10.5     Some reasons why spawning (Hatching) falls

10.6     Characteristics of catfish stages

10.7     Transportation of catfish

Chapter Eleven:

11.0     Fish Management

11.1     How to identify oxygen Depletion in ponds

11.2     Questions most people ask about catfish management           

Chapter Twelve:

12.0     Fish parasite and Diseases 

12.1     Fish Disease

12.2     Causes of Diseases

12.3     Types of Disease

Chapter Three:

13.0     Fish preservation

13.1     Method of fish preservation

13.2     Fish salting

13.3     Drying and Dehydration

13.4     Fish smoking

13.5     How to smoke fish

Chapter Fourteen:

14.0     How to make millions from catfish production

14.1     Advertising

14.2     Marketing

14.3     Marketing strategy

14.4     How to sustain millions in catfish business

List of figures

Fig.1.1 Labeled diagram of a typical tilapia fish

Fig 1.2 labeled diagram of a typical catfish

Fig 1.3 Labeled diagram of a typical external anatomy of a tilapia fish

Fig 1.4 Labeled diagram of a typical external anatomy of a carpio cyprisnus

Fig 1.5 Labeled diagram of a typical internal anatomy of a tilapia fish

Fig 1.6 Typical example of catfish

Fig 8.1 Diagram of electric catfish organs

Fig 9.1 claries gariepinus sample

Fig 9.2 Heterobranchus Bidorsal Sample

Fig 10.1 Diagram on how to inject the catfish

Fig 10.2 Diagram on how to extract the milt (sperm) from catfish

Fig 10/3 Diagram on how to strip off eggs from catfish and to fertilize them

List of tables

Table 2.1 scientific classification of catfish

Table 3.1 catfish families

Table 5.1 table showing water retention in soil

Table 8.1 scientific classification of electric catfish

Table 9.1 African Giant catfish

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• Floating/Sinking Fish feed
• Soybean oil processing, Teachings on how to test soybean cake,
• Teaching on how to remove the gummy and unpleasant smell of soybean oil
• Palm Oil/Palm nut cracking
• Fish Farming (Pond Construction and Fingerlings distribution)
• Poultry farm (plus marketing ideas)
• Rabbit farming
• Snail Farming
• Grass-cutter/cane rat Farming
• Commercial Crop Farming
• Handwork/Workshop Plan
• Pure Water Business
• Nylon production
• Professional Website design (cooperate and personal)
• Bulk SMS (plus re-seller website)
• Business Software Design
• Logo design plus company slogan
• Printing Press (Graphic design, lithography, banners, poster, handbills etc)
• Sales of battery cage for livestock farming all over Nigeria
• E-books on; Broilers farming, Layers farming, Grass-cutter farming, Rabbit farming, Pig farming, Catfish farming, and many more……
• How to own, manage, and make millions from catfish production (Most demanded)
• Projecting writing, Sales of written projects, and many more…………